Leung KS, Cheung WH, Zhang C, Lee KM, Lo HK (2004) Low intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulates osteogenic activity of human periosteal cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res (285):255–62ĭe Mattei M, Caruso A, Traina GC et al (1999) Correlation between pulsed electromagnetic fields exposure time and cell proliferation increase in human osteosarcoma cell lines and human normal osteoblast cells in vitro. The role of field strength, pulse pattern, and duty cycle. J Orthop Res 32(7):894–903īrighton CT, Okereke E, Pollack SR, Clark CC (1992) In vitro bone-cell response to a capacitively coupled electrical field. Bioelectromagnetics 35(1):30–38Ĭlark CC, Wang W, Brighton CT (2014) Up-regulation of expression of selected genes in human bone cells with specific capacitively coupled electric fields. Zhou J, Wang JQ, Ge BF et al (2014) Different electromagnetic field waveforms have different effects on proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts in vitro. Biophysical stimulation requires care and precision in use if it is to ensure the success expected of it by physicians and patients. The orthopaedic community has played a central role in the development and understanding of the importance of the physical stimuli. The pooled result of the studies in this review revealed the efficacy of biophysical stimulation for bone healing and joint chondroprotection based on proven methodological quality. It has been successfully used on joint pathologies for its beneficial effect on improving function in early OA and after knee surgery to limit the inflammation of periarticular tissues. Biophysical stimulation has been used in the clinical setting to promote the healing of fractures and non-unions. In treated animals, it has been shown that the mineralisation rate of newly formed bone is almost doubled, the progression of the osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration is inhibited and quality of cartilage is preserved. On articular cells, it creates a strong A 2A and A 3 adenosine-agonist effect inducing an anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective result. Its effect on bone tissue is to increase proliferation, synthesis and release of growth factors. Pre-clinical studies have shown that the site of interaction of biophysical stimuli is the cell membrane. MethodsĪ sistematic web-based search for papers was conducted using the following titles: (1) pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF), capacitively coupled electrical field (CCEF), low intensity pulsed ultrasound system (LIPUS) and biophysical stimulation (2) bone cells, bone tissue, fracture, non-union, prosthesis and vertebral fracture and (3) chondrocyte, synoviocytes, joint chondroprotection, arthroscopy and knee arthroplasty. Biophysical stimulation is a non-invasive therapy used in orthopaedic practice to increase and enhance reparative and anabolic activities of tissue.
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